CHAPTER X

THE STORY OF THE PERUVIAN INDIANS

Strange as it may seem, the Peruvian Indians preserved their history back to Babel. Pre-Inca records specifically refer to and date correctly the reigns of Cush, Nimrod and Horus, or Gilgamesh! Every generation of rulers over the children of Tiras are named to the coming of the Incas. Yet today all this has been lost to public knowledge.

MODERN SCHOLARSHIP DISCARDED THE FACTS

Modern scholars have done little to acquaint us with the true history of early Peru. In the early centuries following the Spanish conquest of Peru and neighboring regions, many native records came into the possession of the conquerors. The assumption that the Incas knew only how to tie knots in a string to remind them of the past is absurd.

Granted, the 'quipus' -- or knotted strings -- were used.

The Peruvian Indians also painted records of past events. They had trained priests whose function was to record and repeat the traditions of the past. The fact that the Spanish did recover the history of the Peruvian Indians from the beginning is in itself proof that a great many records were available. No nation which was able to achieve the architectural wonders of the Peruvian highlands would lack the means to preserve its heritage.

The modern view of Peruvian history is that it cannot be established more than a century before the commencement of the Spanish colonial period. Archaeologists have done amazingly well in recovering cultural artifacts buried in the ground, but they have thus far been unwilling to associate what they find with early Peruvian history found in the authentic Indian records by the conquerors. The slightest study of Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa's 'History of the Incas' would have confirmed the accuracy of his outline. Archaeology everywhere substantiates the written record wherever it has been carefully preserved.

Sir Clements Markham has contributed heavily toward Inca and Pre-Inca studies by his two books 'The Incas of Peru' and 'History of the Incas.' The former contains the list of kings from the beginning as preserved by Montesinos. It gives just over 100 names out of which nearly 80% have the lengths of reign preserved. Montesinos did not give sufficient information to establish every reign, but the list is so nearly complete that it is not at all difficult to determine contemporary events between Peru and the rest of the world. The latter volume preserves an invaluable outline of the Inca period.

WHAT ARCHAEOLOGISTS FOUND

Archaeologists are not settled on terminology, but they have described Peruvian remains rather well. The story begins with an Incipient Era of hunting and early agriculture. There follows a

Developmental Era that is usually not well divided. It ought to be expressed in two, rather than three phases -- the Formative and the Cultist -- to use archaeological Jargon. There is great technical progress and a widespread religious cult. A complete break ends the Cultist period.

Thereafter a Florescent Era appears, around 350 B.C., with many new techniques indicative of a dynamic period. In some ways the level of the artistic sense, however, does not advance.

Then comes a Climactic Era, commencing shortly after 500 A.D. It is divided into Expansionist, Urbanist and Imperialist periods. The Expansionist commences with conquest and political and social unification. It breaks down into disruption and decadence. Local autonomy with large centers of population characterize the Urbanist.

The Imperialist is a great military Empire, which was superseded, in 1532, by the Spanish Colonial period.

Archaeologists and historians alike have limited the Inca rule exclusively to the Imperialist and generally date it around 1440. Had they read the Inca history they would have found that the entire Climactic Era, beginning shortly after 500 A.D. belongs to the Incas.

Sarmiento de Gamboa commences Inca rule in 565 A.D. And rightly so. The history of the Inca royal family corresponds in exact detail, period by period, with Expansionist, Urbanist and Imperialist.

One objection often presented to such an extensive Inca period is the unusually long length of life necessitated for the rulers. Several are over a hundred years old. The argument would be valid if it were possible to demonstrate that human beings cannot live that long! But human beings do often live to be well over one hundred years of age.

For example, long after Moses wrote that the life span of man centers about 70 years, individuals are still recorded as living past 120 years. In those days the Peruvian highlands were virgin, and fit for vigorous living. In some instances the length of reign is due to birth of a son in the Inca's old age -- or to a birth of an heir after the death of a predecessor. History, when confirmed by archaeology, should be allowed to speak for itself.

Now to illustrate the history of Peru, from the Tower of Babel to the Spanish Colonial period. Notice that the names of even the earliest rulers appear in the native dialect. Many of the names are titles or epithets.

Names of Peruvians Beginning at Babel The first 18 are of the Pirua Dynasty. The relationship of one to another is not always stated.	Lengths of Reign	Dates
1 Pirua Pacari Manco (AyarUchu), the Cush of the Bible.	60	2254-2194
2. Manco Capac I, the Nimrod of Scripture. He built the first city after the flood. (Markham, 'Hist. of the Incas', p. 51)	30	2194-2164
3. Huanacahui Pirua	50	2164-2114
4. Sinchi Cozque	60	2114-2054
5. Inti Capac Yupanqui	50	2054-2004
6. Manco Capac II, is Horus; note that in Inca records he has same name as Nimrod does in Inca tradition.	20	2004-1984

ILLUSTRATION FROM BURMA

The date 2004 is a remarkable parallel for the return to power of Horus in Mesopotamia in 2006. Clearly the ancestors of the Peruvians lived outside Mesopotamia, bordering on the River Tyras. As confirmation of the exactness of Peruvian material, compare the following figures which have been extracted from the earliest history of Burma. Notice the same figure 2004 for Maradzi II. The ancestors of the Burmese Arakan people were at that time also living in the steppes of Russia.

Early Kings who Ruled Over People who now from Burmese Records live in Arakan, Burma (Stokvls' 'Manuel')	Lengths of Reign	Dates
Marayu, is Cush	62	2254-2192
Maradzi I, is Nimrod The name is derived from the Hebrew root 'marad,' to rebel. A Maradzu is a great rebel.	32	2192-2160
Maraonleng	53	2160-2107
Mararwayleng	48	2107-2059
Marabheng	55	2059-2004
Maradzi II, is Horus, etc.	33	2004-1971
Now to continue with the Peruvian Kings. Figures below are approximately the points of reign since the lengths of reign are in some cases lost.
7. Tupac Capac	--	1950
8. Tini Capac Yupanqui	--	1900
9. Titu Capac Yupanqui	--	1875
10. Inti Capac Pirua Amaru	--	1850
11. Capac Sayhua Capac	60	1800
12. Capac Tinia Yupanqui	40	1750
13. Ayar Tacko	25	1725
14. Huascar Titu	30	1700
15. Quispi Titu	--	1675
16. Titu Yupanqui Patchacutec I	--	1650
17. Titu Capac	25	1625
18. Paullu Ticac Pirua	30	1600
A new line of kings commences with Amauta. The word signifies a Magian, or priest.
19. Lloque Tesag Amauta, a priest or Magian Is there not a connection here with the Empire of Sargon and his sons in Mesopotamia? They had a vast empire, and on more than one occasion Sargon voyaged across the seas. (See Pritchard's 'Ancient Near Eastern Texts'.)	50	1575
20. Cayo Manco Amauta I	--	1525
21. Huascar Titu Tupac	33	1500
22 Manco Capac III Amauta	50	1450
23 Ticac Pupac	30	1425
24. Paullu Tutu Capac	19	1400
25. Cayo Manco Amauta II	30	1375
26. Marasco Patchacutec	40	1325
27. Paullu Atauchi Capac	--	1300
28. Lluqui Yupanqui	14	1275
29. Lluqui Ticac	8	1265
30. Capac Yupanqui I	50	1225
31, Tupac Yupanqui I	18	1200
32. Manco Auqui Tupac Patchacutee	50	1150
33. Sinchi Apusqui Huarma Huiracocha	40	1120
34. Auqui Quitu Atauchi	4	1100
35. Ayay Manco	--	1075
36. Huiracocha Capac	15	1060
37. Tchinchi Roca Amauta	20	1040
38. Tupac Amaru Amauta	25	1020
39. Capac Raymi Amauta This ruler instituted certain festivals in his name. He is parallel with the time of Odin I of Denmark and of Solomon. He was the mainspring behind the development of what archaeologists call the Cultist Era. This Era is illustrative of the contact between Old and New World during certain significant ages.	--	1000
40. IllJa Tupac	3	-- --
41. Tupac Amauta	3	990
42. Huanacauri I	4	-- --
43. Toca Corca Apu Capac	45	960
44. Huampar Xayri Tupac I	32	925
45. Hinac Huillja Amauta Pachacuti	35	900
46. Capac Yupanqui II Amauta	35	860
47. Huampar Xayri Tupac II	--	830
48. Cayo Manqui Auqui	3	820
49. Hinac Huillja	30	800
50. Inti Capac Amauta	30	760
51. Ayar Manco Capac	--	730
52. Yahuar Huquiz, gives his name to five intercalary days added to calendar to adjust spring equinox	30	710
53. Capac Titu Yupanqui	23	680
54. Tupac Curi I Amauta	39	640
55. Tupac Curi II	40	600
56. Huillcanota Amauta	60	540
57. Tupac Yupanqui II	43	500
58. Illja Tupac Capac	4	-- --
59. Titu Raymi Cozque	31	460
60. Huqui Nina Auqui	43	430
61. Manco Capac IV	23	390
62. Cayo Manco Capac	20	365
63. Sinchi Ayar Manco A major invasion occurs in his reign from the Southeast. This begins the true Florescent Era, as labeled by archaeologists.	7	360
64. Huaman Tacko Amauta	5	355
65. Titu Yupanqui Pachacuti II	--	--
66. Titu Huaman Quitu	--	325
67. Cozque Huaman Titu	--	--
68. Cuis Manco	50	275
69. Huillja Titu	30	240
70. Xayri Tupac	40	200
71. Tupac Yupanqui III	25	175
72. Huayna Tupac I	37	140
73. Huanacauri II	10	130
74. Huillja Huaman	60	70
75. Huaman Capac	40	30 BC
76. Paullu Raymi	19	10 AD
77. Manco Capac V Amauta	--	10
78. Auqui Atau Huillja	35	40
79. Manco Titu Capac	32	90
80. Huayna Tupac II	50	140
81. Tupac Cauri Pachacuti	--	170
82. Arantial	--	200
83. Huari Titu Capac	--	225
84. Huispa Titu Auqui	18	250
85. Toco Cozque	--	270
86. Ayar Manco	22	290
87. Cuntur Roca	--	320
88. Amaru From here on a definite sequence of dates is possible.	--	340
89. Sinchi Roca	41	365-406
90. Illja Toca	62	406-468
91. Lluqui Yupanqui	45	468-513
92. Roca Titu	25	513-538
93. Inti Mayta Capac Pachacuti	27	538-565

This concludes the Pre-Inca Era. Notice that when Montesino's account is properly begun at Babel it is in perfect harmony with the time element in the next era.

THE INCA RULERS

The succeeding chart illustrates the story of the great Inca period. It begins in 565. Is it significant that this is the year of a major movement of peripheral peoples out of the British Isles in the days of Gildas? ('Ency. Brit.', art. 'Cave,' in eleventh ed.) The Incas were of a complexion much lighter than their subjects.

The comments in the following section may be verified in J. A. Mason's 'Ancient Civilizations of Peru', p. 110.

Inca Kings or Until an Heir According Chosen to Sarmiento Beginning of Expansionist Period	Lengths of Reign	Dates
1. Manco Capac	100	565-665 AD
2. Sinchi Roca According to Garcilassan's account this king begins expansion.	19	665-684
3. Lloqui Yupanqui Extended domain to Lake Titicaca.	111	684-795
4. Mayta Capac Increases realm to Tiahuanaco and headwaters of coastal rivers. He is the first great conqueror.	110	795-905
5. Capac Yupanqui Troubles develop toward end of his reign.	89	905-994
The succeeding kings belong to the Urbanist period.
6. Inca Roca Near total collapse at beginning of his reign. He subjugates areas only 20 miles from capital of Cuxco.	103	994-1097
7. Titu Cuisi Hualpa (Yahuar-huaccac)	96	1097-1193
8. Viracocha Inca Wars with Chanca, Lupaca and Colla. His own capital besieged.	101	1193-1294
Inca Urcon, dethroned	--	--
The succeeding Incas belong to the Imperialist period.
9. Inca (Cusi) Yupanqui Pachacuti Begins conquests in the vicinity of Cuzco.	103	1294-1397
10. Tupac Inca Yupanqui	67	1397-1464
11 Huayna Capac	60	1464-1524
12. Huascar Inca	7	1524-1531
13. Atahuallpa	2	1531-1533
Tupac Huallpa	--	1533
14. Manco Inca, crowned by Pizarro	11	1533-1544
Xayri Tupac	17	1544-1561
Quispe Yupanqui	8	1561-1569
Tupac Amaru	3	1569-1572

With this restoration, though partly incomplete, the early history of South America comes into its proper place in World History.